A Different War Vietnam in Art Table of Contents

Ancient Chinese military treatise past Sun Tzu

The Art of State of war

Author	(trad.) Sun Tzu
Country	China
Language	Classical Chinese
Bailiwick	Armed forces fine art
Publication date	5th century BC
Text	The Art of War at Wikisource

The Art of War
Traditional Chinese	孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese	孙子兵法
Literal pregnant	"Primary Sun's Military Methods"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade–Giles Sun1-tzŭ3 ping1-faiii IPA [swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí bīngfaat Jyutping Syunane-zitwo bing1-faat3 IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô Sun-tzú ping-huat Sometime Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *sˤun tsəʔ praŋ p.kap

The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an aboriginal Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly fifth century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Main Sunday"), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a different ready of skills (or "art") related to warfare and how information technology applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost one,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that was formalized every bit the Vii Armed services Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in Due east Asian warfare^[one] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western military machine thinking, business tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed caption and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons and strategy to rank and subject field. Lord's day also stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the war effort. Considered one of history's finest armed services tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the footing of advanced armed services training for millennia to come.

The book was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English language was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the championship The Volume of War. The start annotated English language translation was completed and published past Lionel Giles in 1910.^[2] Military machine and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American military full general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited as having drawn inspiration from the book.^[3]

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Fine art of War is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known every bit Sun Tzu (now Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Primary Sun". Sun Tzu was traditionally said to have lived in the 6th century BC, but The Art of War 'south primeval parts probably date to at to the lowest degree 100 years later.^[4]

Sima Qian'due south Records of the Grand Historian, the first of People's republic of china's 24 dynastic histories, records an early on Chinese tradition that a text on armed services matters was written by ane "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).^[5] This text was traditionally identified with the received Principal Sun's Art of War. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a armed forces theorist from the end of the Leap and Autumn flow (776–471 BC) who fled his home land of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to accept impressed the king with his power to railroad train fifty-fifty "dainty palace ladies" in warfare and to take fabricated Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is still widely held in China.^[6]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early third century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Art of War.^[5] Cao'due south preface makes articulate that he edited the text and removed certain passages, only the extent of his changes were unclear historically.^[5] The Fine art of State of war appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, simply listings of its divisions and size varied widely.^[5]

[edit]

Beginning around the twelfth century, some Chinese scholars began to incertitude the historical being of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions about of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn menstruation.^[5] The name "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) does not announced in whatever text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,^[vii] and has been suspected to exist a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Lord's day" is glossed every bit the related term "avoiding" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi'due south role every bit the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[8] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunday Tzu'southward purported descendant Sun Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote.^[v] Unlike Sunday Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on armed forces matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a form of euhemerism.^[8]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in ii Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 Advertising) tombs near the metropolis of Linyi in Shandong Province.^[9] Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed between 134 and 118  BC, respectively were 2 separate texts, ane attributed to "Sun Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and some other attributed to Sunday Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Fine art of War by Sunzi.^[10] The Sun Bin text's cloth overlaps with much of the "Sunday Tzu" text, and the ii may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Lord's day name".^[11] This discovery showed that much of the historical defoliation was due to the fact that there were two texts that could take been referred to as "Master Dominicus'south Art of State of war", not one.^[x] The content of the earlier text is nearly one-third of the chapters of the modernistic The Art of State of war, and their text matches very closely.^[nine] It is now generally accepted that the earlier The Art of War was completed sometime between 500 and 430 BC.^[x]

The xiii chapters [edit]

The Art of War is divided into 13 capacity (or piān ); the collection is referred to as being one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").

The Fine art of State of war chapter names and contents

Chapter	Lionel Giles (1910)[12]	R. Fifty. Wing (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Chow-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	First Calculations	Explores the v fundamental factors (the Fashion, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements that make up one's mind the outcomes of military machine engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander tin can summate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the country and must not be commenced without due consideration.
2	Waging War	The Challenge	Waging War	Waging State of war (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Battle	Explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements apace. This section advises that successful war machine campaigns crave limiting the toll of competition and conflict.
III	Assault by Stratagem	The Plan of Assault	Planning Offensives	Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Set on	Defines the source of strength every bit unity, not size, and discusses the 5 factors that are needed to succeed in any state of war. In gild of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
IV	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	Military Disposition	Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in condom. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
V	Use of Energy	Directing	Strategic Armed services Power	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Power	Explains the use of inventiveness and timing in building an regular army's momentum.
Vi	Weak Points and Potent	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Strong	Explains how an army's opportunities come up from the openings in the surround caused past the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given surface area.
VII	Maneuvering an Army	Engaging The Forcefulness	Military Combat	War machine Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Explains the dangers of direct disharmonize and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
VIII	Variation of Tactics	The Ix Variations	Nine Changes	Variations and Adjustability (Chinese: 九變)	Ix Contingencies	Focuses on the demand for flexibility in an regular army's responses. Information technology explains how to reply to shifting circumstances successfully.
Nine	The Army on the March	Moving The Strength	Maneuvering the Army	Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Army	Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself every bit information technology moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
X	Classification of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the 6 types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
XI	The Nine Situations	The Nine Situations	Nine Terrains	The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Nine Kinds of Ground	Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a entrada, from handful to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander volition need in club to successfully navigate them.
XII	Assault by Fire	The Fiery Assail	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Fire	Explains the general utilize of weapons and the specific utilize of the environment equally a weapon. This section examines the 5 targets for attack, the five types of ecology attack and the advisable responses to such attacks.
Xiii	Use of Spies	The Utilize of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Armed forces and intelligence applications [edit]

Across Eastern asia, The Art of State of war was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of armed services service examinations.

During the Sengoku period (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to accept get almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Fine art of State of war.^[13] The book fifty-fifty gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Woods, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable equally a mountain.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sunday Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Art of War is cited equally influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Problems of Cathay's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the volume of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you lot can fight a thou battles without disaster.'"^[xiii]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Art of State of war and reportedly could recite unabridged passages from memory. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu catastrophe major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into N and Due south. General Võ, later the master PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu'south ideas.^[14] America's defeat there, more than whatever other consequence, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. military theory.^{[xiv] [15] [sixteen]}

The Department of the Army in the United states, through its Command and General Staff Higher, lists The Fine art of State of war every bit one example of a book that may be kept at a armed services unit's library.^[17]

The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known equally the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.^[18]

The Fine art of War is used as instructional cloth at the US Military machine University at West Point, in the course Military Strategy (470),^[19] and it is besides recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Royal Military machine Academy, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders take stated the following about Sun Tzu and The Art of War:

"I ever kept a copy of The Art of State of war on my desk."^[20] – General Douglas MacArthur, five Star Full general & Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I have read The Fine art of State of war by Dominicus Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."^[21] – General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, and Secretary of State.

According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I will force the enemy to accept our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his forcefulness into weakness".^[22] The volume is widely cited by KGB officers in accuse of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War; Airo kept the book on his bedside table in his quarters.^{[ citation needed ]}

Application outside the armed services [edit]

The Art of War has been applied to many fields outside of the war machine. Much of the text is about how to outsmart one's opponent without actually having to engage in concrete battle. As such, it has found application every bit a preparation guide for many competitive endeavors that practise non involve bodily combat.

The Art of War is mentioned every bit an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories most fraud (by and large in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the late Ming dynasty.^[23]

Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate concern strategy.^{[24] [25] [26]} Many Japanese companies make the volume required reading for their cardinal executives.^[27] The book is as well pop among Western business organization circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives accept turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been practical to the field of education.^[28]

The Art of War has been the subject area of legal books^[29] and legal articles on the trial procedure, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^{[30] [31] [32] [33]}

The book The 48 Laws of Ability by Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Fine art of State of war.^[34]

The Art of War has besides been applied in sports. National Football game League motorcoach Bill Belichick, tape holder of the most Super Basin wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for The Art of War.^{[35] [36]} Brazilian clan football game coach Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil's successful 2002 World Loving cup campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Art of War underneath his players' doors in the night.^{[37] [38]}

The Art of War is oft quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" past David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of State of war in modern esports. The Art of War was released in 2014 as an e-book companion aslope the Fine art of State of war DLC for Europa Universalis Four, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson.

Moving picture and television [edit]

The Art of State of war and Sun Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including In the 1987 flick Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) often references information technology ^[39] The 20th James Bail film, Dice Another Solar day (2002) as well references The Art of State of war as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his male parent.^[forty] and in The Sopranos. In season 3, episode 8 ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book.^[41] and the Star Trek: The Adjacent Generation starting time-season episode "The Terminal Outpost", William Riker quotes The Art of War to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasure that Sunday Tzu was still taught at Starfleet Academy. After in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people'south wisdom and The Art of State of war with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Fine art of War is a 2000 action spy moving-picture show directed by Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.^[42]

Notable translations [edit]

• Sun Tzu on the Art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
• The Art of War. Translated past Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN978-0-19-501476-1. Function of the UNESCO Drove of Representative Works.
• Sunday Tzu, The Art of State of war. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
• The Art of Warfare. Translated past Roger Ames. Random House. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-1. .
• The Art of State of war. Translated by John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-vi.
• The Fine art of War: Sunzi's Military Methods. Translated by Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• The Art of State of war. Translated by Peter Harris. Everyman's Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
• The Scientific discipline of War: Lord's day Tzu's Art of State of war re-translated and re-considered. Translated by Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-two.
• The Fine art of War. Translated by Michael Nylan. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

Run across also [edit]

Concepts [edit]

• Military treatise
• Philosophy of state of war

Books [edit]

• Achtung – Panzer! by Heinz Guderian
• Arthashastra
• Bansenshukai
• Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
• Dream Pool Essays past Shen Kuo
• Epitoma rei militaris by Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Guerrilla Warfare past Che Guevara
• Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
• History of the Peloponnesian War past Thucydides
• Huolongjing past Liu Bowen
• Infanterie Greift An past Erwin Rommel
• On Protracted War past Mao Zedong
• On War by Carl von Clausewitz
• Records of the One thousand Historian
• Seven War machine Classics
• Vii Pillars of Wisdom by T. Due east. Lawrence
• The 33 Strategies of State of war
• The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
• The Book of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
• The Influence of Sea Power upon History by Alfred Thayer Mahan
• The Jewish State of war by Josephus
• The Science of Military Strategy
• The Utility of Force by Rupert Smith
• Thirty-Half dozen Stratagems

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Hlavatý, Jozef; Ližbetin, Ján (2021-01-01). "The Apply of the Art of War Ideas in the Strategic Decision-making of the Company". Transportation Research Procedia. 14th International scientific conference on sustainable, mod and safe transport. 55: 1273–1280. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.110. ISSN 2352-1465.
4. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
6. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–thirteen.
7. ^ Mair (2007), p. nine.
8. ^ ^{a b} Mair (2007), p. ten.
9. ^ ^{a b} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
11. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. xviii.
12. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Lord's day-tzu ping fa [The art of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Classic ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Printing. ISBN978-1-934255-fifteen-5. OCLC 433665014.
13. ^ ^{a b} Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
14. ^ ^{a b} McCready, Douglas. Learning from Lord's day Tzu, War machine Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-12-19 .
15. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
16. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Fine art of War: Lord's day Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
17. ^ Army, U. S. (1985). Military History and Professional person Evolution. U. Due south. Ground forces Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
18. ^ "Messages".
19. ^ "Department of Military Instruction Task Opportunities | United States Military University West Point". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
20. ^ Usa War machine Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.Due south. Government Printing Role, 1989), 5–6, 93–94.
21. ^ "Chinese Military Strategist Dominicus Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
22. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Inside a State: The KGB and Its Agree on Russia – Past, Nowadays, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-v, affiliate Who was backside perestroika?
23. ^ "Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia University Press". Columbia University Press.
24. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
25. ^ McNeilly, Marking. "Sunday Tzu and the Art of Business concern : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford Academy Press, 1996.
26. ^ Krause, Donald G. "The Art of War for Executives: Aboriginal Knowledge for Today'southward Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
27. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." South Cathay Morning time Post (April 21, 2006) p. fifteen
28. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Instructor Diary Study to Use Ancient Art of State of war Strategies to Professional person Development". The International Periodical of Learning. vii (3): 21–36.
29. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Span Street Books, 1997.
30. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is At that place Common Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
31. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
32. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu'southward The Fine art of War to Trial Advancement" April 21, 2007
33. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of State of war: Pursuing Electronic Prove as Your Corporate Opportunity"
34. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene". Penguin Random Business firm Canada . Retrieved 2020-10-27 .
35. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Beak Belichick explains how advice from Dominicus Tzu's 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
36. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine art of war". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
37. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: One-on-1". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
38. ^ Wintertime, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games reach new high equally Scolari studies fine art of war". Irish Independent.
39. ^ "Bud Flim-flam: Sunday-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if not split and reevaluate". www.quotes.net . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
40. ^ Die Another Day (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
41. ^ World, Boston. "Hey, if Tony's reading it, information technology'south got to exist skilful". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
42. ^ "The Art of State of war (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

• Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early on Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Study of Early Red china; Institute of East Asian Studies, Academy of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-i-55729-043-4.
• Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
• Griffith, Samuel (2005). Sun Tzu: The Illustrated Art of War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195189995.
• Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-eight.
• Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of State of war: Lord's day Zi's Armed services Methods. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• Smith, Kidder (1999). "The War machine Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Printing. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-three.
• Yuen, Derek Thousand. C. (2014). Deciphering Sun Tzu: How to Read 'The Art of War' . Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0199373512.
• Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у 2 ч.

External links [edit]

• The Art of State of war at Standard Ebooks
• The Art of State of war Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
• The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Art of War at Project Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Book of State of war at Project Gutenberg translated past Eastward.F. Calthrop (1908)
• The Art of State of war public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
• Sun Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi (archive.today) Alternative link
• Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University
• 11 The Nine Situations | The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Animated)
• The Art of War illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War